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با تبریک تشکیل سايت انجمن ديابت ايران همزمان با هفته ديابت، به همت دانشگاه علوم پزشكي مشهد و انجمن ديابت خراسان رضوي (الیته من زودتر از این دوستامون مطلب در موردديابت تو نت گذاشتم
)این نسخه از وبلاگ را که ادامه و قسمت پایانی بخش اول ویلاگ است رو تقدیمتون میکنم.در ضمن لینک سایتشون در وبلاگ موجود است.
Applications of Biotechnology
The application of Biotech is that much extensive which covers all the diminutions of human’s life. In future the BIO or BIOTECH prefix will may add to the name of any science to show the interference of biotech on that particular subject.
Application of biotech in agriculture or AGBIOTECH
To produce plants resistant to insects and pests.
To produce plants resistant to viruses and microbial diseases.
To produce plants resistant to herbicides
To produce plants resistant to tropical climates and cool climate.
To produce plants rich in food sources.
To produce plant-having specific metabolically modified value like fast growth and high yielding.
To produce plants and fruits which can be kept for a long time.
ALSO, to make domesticated animal with specific property like less fat and more milk.
To make domesticated animal in order to use their blood as vaccine, drug anti body factory.
To produce medicinal plant in order to cure or prophylaxis various diseases.
To bear animals having fast growing rate.
To produce plants resistant to insects and pests.
As the new biotechnological technique discovered, scientists could transfer various genes from one plant to other one. In 1990 the first transgenic plant beard and in 1993 FDA announced all transgenic plants and food are inoffensive and carrying no loss.
Nowadays by using this method the genes responsible to produce a fatal protein (bethatoxin)
From bacillus norangenseyse bacteria to various plants like potato, corn, etc. then these plants got resistant toward the insects which violet and eat from them, so that heir digestive system by contacting to this protein will destroy.
A large amount of money is yearly spends on fighting to pests and insects. These strikers will get resistance to the specific pesticide and fungicide after sometimes and then the pesticides etc should be changed and this will carry lots of money and in not commercially justified.
In US more than transgenic corn, cotton and potato is used in a large amount per year. e.g. till 1998 18% corn, 17% cotton and 4% of potatoes were transgenic. And nowadays more than 50% of wheat and rice are transgenic.
To produce plants resistant to viruses and microbial diseases:
These kinds of diseases not only are giving many damages to the field but they oppose the growth of plants in some favorable climates.
By cloning some resistant plant genes to sensitive plants like cytoniase and 1&3 glocanase which cause the destroy of polysaccharide membrane of the pathogen fungus, biotechnologists achieved to some plants which show the resistant to pathogen fungus.
Also same thing is possible in animals. These are simple example and biological fighting is very much extensive.
To produce plants resistant to herbicides:
Many of herbicides while removing the weeds, simultaneously damages the main plant. For example Glysophate, which is a strong and efficient herbicide, can damage and destroy those plants that grow up through metabolically path of shikamate. Biotechnologists by injecting the particular resistant gene of glychphosate EPSP synthesize to such plants like beetroot; Soya, tomato and wood could resist them to these herbicides.
To produce plants resistant to tropical climates and cool climate:
More than 13% of soil in the world contains insufferable percentage of salts for cultivation of plants. Biotechnologists by observing those plants, which have the property of auto growth in bad climate condition like very much cool (hot) condition or high osmotic pressure etc could found the responsible gene for these properties and then by transferring these genes made the resistant flower upon salty soil, too.
For example by transferring responsible gene for transfer of sodium to plants like Aropidopsis, they could increase the level of suffering up to 200 mM.
Also, by removing the responsible gene for expressing synthesis of neonic fatty acid in plants now they can cultivate them in higher temperature.
Also, by observing the anti-freezing gene in some fishes in the pole and transferring them in plant body now these plant can survive in the minus temperature.
To produce plants rich in food sources:
Each and every valuable material in plants is produced under action of particular gene that is responsible to synthesis it. Biotechnologists by identifying these genes and more expressing them or even by increasing the number of them could make the fruits and plants having specific food value.
For example "GOLDEN RICE" carries a large amount of A vitamin which is hoped to help the people in Africa who dyes or become blinds every year due to shortage of A vitamin.
To produce plant-having specific metabolically modified value like fast growth and high yielding:
The human population explode is one of the major problem for the current age. But the rate of cultivation of vegetable food source is not increasing simultaneously. Till 2020 its essential to produce rice more than 40% of today. Biotechnologist by the help of two important way can beat this problem, one by increasing the efficiency of cultivation in each hectare, and secondly by improving the rate of growing.
For example by transferring the responsible gene for the short height of the plant to those that are not having, the efficiency of yielding increases or by transferring the gene responsible for photosynthesis in corn to rice the efficiency increased something around 35%.
To produce plants and fruits which can be kept for a long time:
Do you agree if we could keep tomatoes for a little longer time how much the wastages would reduce. Yes, biotechnologists by postponing the rate of ripping of tomato achieved this.
To produce medicinal plant in order to cure or prophylaxis various diseases:
Biotechnologists by identifying and transferring the microbial and human protein to plants innovate the new method to cultivate the medicinal plants.
For example, producing different vaccine in plants or producing the fruit with vaccination property or producing protein like insulin in plant body in near future, which really can cause revolution in biotech and genetic engineering.
In addition, plants as an organism, can be helpful candidate to produce antibodies, enzymes etc in large scale. Even they already showed the merit and competence for this.
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS:
Ever increasing population leads to storage the food. To overcome this problem biotechnologists by manipulating some genes in body of fish, cow or sheep increase the growing rate of them and simultaneously increase the quality, improve the healthiness and taste of the above said meet.
Recently Japanese scientists by transferring some genes from Spinach to pork got the improved pork by some property of Spinach. Also the foster cow can be used as the factory of vaccine and antibodies. This method is practically under progress and use.
Instance, one type of transgenic cow carrying lactoferrine human protein, which is essential for human baby, contains Iron and protein, which can be produce a close milk to human’s milk in cow and can furnish the necessaries of human babies.
Gene manipulating in fish proceed to a fast growing fish.
MEDICAL BIOTECH:
Applications of biotechnology in medical sciences are as discrete as itself. Even biotechnology enlarges the domain of medical science in day-to-day life.
Some of important application of biotechnology in medical sciences is as follow:
Important affect on prophylaxis various diseases like microbial diseases, genetically diseases and even mental diseases.
Important affect on cure various diseases like microbial diseases, genetically diseases, metabolical diseases, barren diseases, forensic medical etc.
Important branch of biotechnology in medial science subjected to explanation are
Recombinant DNA. Recombinant vaccine. Genomic, Biomedicine. proteomics, biomasnotical.
The current medical, step by step will removed by molecular medical. Previously, curing the diseases was depended upon
Signs and symptoms and many times due to unavailability of signs and symptoms, it was impossible to cure.
But nowadays, biotechnology helps medical profession to identify the hidden part of the diseases. After completion of HGP in 2001,biotechnologists are trying to come to know which genes are responsible for different character of human and different genes responsible for human deficiency.
Till now, responsible genes for diseases like cancer, mental diseases, heart and vessels diseases, breathing problem etc.
By identification of each gene and then the proteins made by these genes, various drugs will be produced to cure. This is a fighting in protein and phenotype level. Another way can be anti sense.
Many of genetic diseases are candidate for gene therapy.
Some thing around all the people!!!!! Have defected genes in their body some of them express themselves but some may remain hidden. Around one person out of ten having one of the gene defect and 5% of children admitted to hospitals having genetically diseases due to defect on a single gene.
Diseases like, cystic fibroses, Huntington, hemophilia, lesch-nyhan,fetil cotonory etcare suitable candidate for gene therapy.
Most of the work is closed on genetically metabolically diseases in which deficiency on even a single gene blocks particular chemical reaction in the human body.
Process of gene therapy is done on the somatic cell or generating cells, in this case the modified character transfers to the next generation.
In gene therapy always inefficient part of gene will be used.
Another technology, which can be used, is anti-sense in which fragment of DNA or RNA or analog combination of them is used and then probable contact of this fragment to the concerned part of the gene blocks the expression of one deficient gene or production of noxious.
RECOMBINANT VACCINES:
In process of producing all type of vaccines directly or indirectly biotechnology techniques may used. But the maximum application of biotech in this level is to produce 4th generation recombinant vaccine and also DNA vaccines.
Till now, all the vaccines were taken out from weakened or death microorganisms naturally. They had their damages on human’s body in many times. Nowadays with the development of biotech technique 4th generation vaccine created in which only the main and effective part of the microorganisms is used which called immunogene part. Good example can be Sabionity vaccine oppose of hepatitis B.
This process is very difficult and time consuming. First of all the most immunogene part of the microorganisms should be identified. These are usually membranes proteins or Glico proteins. Secondly by identification of the concerned region and gene sequence in the microorganisms’ genome, multiplication should be done. The multiplied part then transferred in to specific cloning medium. Finally recombinant plasmid injects to host cell to produce the respective protein or anti bodies.
After all, if the process is economically well done, now it can be multiply more and more to make a vaccine bank.
Producing vaccine requires a heavy investment. A part of this investment is in order to produce hygienic and stilled place approved by Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and establishment and facilities according to GMP, totally trained and educated crew and constant quality medium.
DNA VACCINES:
As improvement in biotechnology technique new vaccine are produced in which instead of making immunogene part of the disease agent in factories, DNA sent to the body cells, produces these immunogenes in body. Even if it is very difficult to produce and design these vaccine but the stability and resulted immune is better than the previous vaccines.
BIOMEDICINE AND BIOPHARMACEUTICAL:
Many of the common genetically diseases in human are about deficiency in a functional protein. Biotechnologists identified the reason of many of this deficiency and responsible gene for producing this protein and then produced these proteins like many of the blood factors and hormones, which now is produced in large amount in factories. Even if this is very expensive but it really decreased the level of death.
Milliards of dollars are spent on this business. The development of pharmacy industrial is 3% while biological drug development is about 25% in a year.
GENOMICS:
HGP is the greatest project done in biology till now. It is actual source of genomics. It started in 1996 and first paper declared in 2001.by the help of human genome project biotechnologist would find the genotype of all human’s phenotype and also can handle and furnish all genetically diseases.
Nowadays many of the genes responsible for various diseases even mentally diseases identified and in the near future HGP gets finished and scientists will be able to come to know each and every part of the humans’ body.
One of the major branches of biotechnology, which blossomed recently, is BIOINFORMATIC, which analyses the result of HGP and hand it over to other scientists.
Related subject about this matter is discovery of SNP.SNP is the different between a singe nucleotide in 2 people and in one gene. When it becomes important is when difference between 2 people which one of them is more intelligent is only in a single nucleotide. That is why the discovery of a single genome is very much important (even from the point of commercial important). Hunters and scientists are seeking to find group or breed or people having better phenotype of a genotype due to this reason only.
PROTEOMICS:
Proteomics world is an unlimited world that we just found it. Scientists after identification of DNA and heredity information try to find its application in proteomics. With refer to one protein_one gene principle they try to find all proteins in human body and relate it to a gene.
After finishing of Proteomics project that is wider than genomics project man is able to realize all the important and vital information about him. And then not only can innovate different drugs and medicine for various diseases even can prophylaxis them. Next (or simultaneous) step is to produce biological drugs in order to remove bothersome proteins or to induce vital proteins.
This bazaar is wider than genomics and even third world country like Brazil is doing genomics.
HUMAN CLONING
After bearing DALI from a somatic cell, many of other mammals beard in a same way specially those with specific value like fatless meet or highly fostering etc. but many people are worried about the same cloning in human which really affect on humans’ being.
BIOLOGICAL CHIP:
Different chips like ‘DNA chips’ are today’s important chips in biology. In an experiment biotechnologists created some chips from DNA that analyses information in a short time by compare to their volume. 2 of important biological chip are DNA chip & DNA Micro array.
DNA CHIP:
This chip first innovated by Affymetrix Company. In this method biotechnologists by producing aligonucleotide fragment, laid 20 to 80 nucleotide by different sequence (less than 300 micron) on favorable medium (like nitro cellulose, or some metal or plastics) and then brought unidentified DNA close to this chip and then a hybridization reaction took place. Now the fragment is presented after completion of the reaction.
DNA MICRO ARRAY CHIP:
In this technology the concerned cDNA was laid on a solid medium and then unidentified DNA fragments (about 500 to 5000 base) were came closer to this chip.
This method first innovated in stone ford university.
Application of both these chips may be in gene discoveries, distinguish of diseases, in pharmacogenomic and tokicogenomic.
صداقت امانت برادری
تمام محتویات این بلاگ دارایcopy right میباشد.اقتباس فقط یا ذکر منبع مجاز است
با سلام.
Happy BIOTECHNOLOGY Day
۱۴ نوامبر روز جهانی بایوتکنولوژی را به تمام دوستان عزیز تبریک عرض میکنم.
یک سری مطالب جالب و عام در مورد دیابت:
دبير انجمن علمي ديابت ايران هشدار داد:4 ميليون ايراني در معرض خطر ابتلا به ديابت هستند 
در حال حاضر بيش از 200 ميليون نفر مبتلا به ديابت در جهان وجود دارد که تخمين زده ميشود تا سال 2025 ميلادي اين ميزان به بيش از 300 ميليون نفر برسد. تعداد افراد مبتلا به ديابت در جهان، همه ساله در حال افزايش است در حالي که بسياري از افراد مبتلا به ديابت هنوز از بيماري خود بياطلاعند. اين بيماري در بيشتر کشورهاي در حال توسعه، چهارمين علت اصلي مرگ ومير محسوب ميشود.
به گفته اغلب کارشناسان اضافه وزن و چاقي يکي از مهمترين عواملي است که فرد را براي ابتلاء به ديابت مستعد ميکند طبق آمار، 85 درصد افراد مبتلا به ديابت به اضافه وزن دچارند و گفته ميشود هر کيلو اضافه وزن 5 درصد خطر بروز ديابت را افزايش مي دهد. در حالي که 5درصد کاهش وزن به ميزان 40 تا 60 درصد ميتواند جلوي بروز ديابت نوع 2 را بگيرد. به مناسبت 23 آبان روز جهاني ديابت خبرنگار ما با دکتر نيکوسخن، دبير انجمن ديابت ايران، در مورد اين بيماري و راههاي پيشگيري و درمان آن گفتگو کرده است.
دکترنيکوسخن بيماري ديابت را يک بيماري مزمن ناشي از اختلال در توليد و تاثير انسولين در بدن عنوان ميکند و ميگويد: ديابت براساس تقسيمبنديهاي جهاني به 4 نوع تقسيم ميشود. ديابت نوع يک که اين نوع از ديابت معمولا در سنين زير 30 سالگي ايجاد ميشود. در ديابت نوع يک لوزالمعده قدرت ترشح خود را به طور کامل از دست ميدهد بنابراين علائم ديابت به صورت ناگهاني بروز ميکند علائمي همچون پرادراري، پرنوشي، تکرر ادرار، خستگي مفرط، کاهش وزن و ... که چنانچه بيماري در ديابت نوع يک تشخيص داده نشود به دليل سير شديد بيماري، بيمار به حالت کماي قند خون بالا يا اسيدوز ديابتي ميرود که اين حالت ميتواند به مرگ او منجر شود.
ديابت نوع 2 يکي ديگر از انواع اين بيماري است که در اين حالت برخلاف ديابت نوع يک، لوزالمعده به طور کامل از کار نميافتد و ترشح انسولين در آن وجود دارد اما اين مقدار ياکافي نيست و يا کارايي لازم را در بدن ندارد. در اين نوع ديابت به دليل آن که قند خون به تدريج افزايش مييابد اين امکان وجود دارد که ديابت تا سالها بدون علامت باشد. به همين دليل است که متاسفانه 50 درصد افراد مبتلا به ديابت نوع 2 از بيماري خود اطلاعي ندارند.
وي با اشاره به عوامل خطرناک وموثر در بروز ديابت نوع 2 خاطرنشان ميکند: «چاقي» به عنوان مهمترين عامل خطر در بروز ديابت نوع 2 و ساير انواع ديابت محسوب ميشود به طوري که تقريبا 80 تا 85 درصد افراد مبتلا به ديابت چاق هستند. «سن» عامل خطرناک ديگري است که هرچه بالاتر ميرود خطر ابتلا به اين نوع ديابت نيز افزايش مييابد. «سابقه خانوادگي» و مسئله ژنتيک و وراثت نيز عامل مهمي در بروز اين بيماري است و فردي که سابقه اين بيماري را در خانواده خود داشته باشد بيش از سايرين مستعد ابتلا به اين بيماري است.
دبير انجمن ديابت ايران کاهش فعاليت بدني، استرس، مصرف دخانيات، فشارخون و چربي بالا را نيز از ديگرعوامل موثر در بروز ديابت عنوان ميکند و ميافزايد: کساني که در طول بارداريهاي خود دچار ديابت حاملگي شدهاند يا نوزاد بالاي 4 کيلو به دنيا آوردهاند در معرض ديابت نوع 2 هستند.
وي تاکيد ميکند: نوع 3 ديابت، ديابت حاملگي است که ممکن است در دوران بارداري براي زنان ايجاد شود و چنانچه اين بيماري درست کنترل نشود باعث نقايص جنيني شده و مشکلات زيادي را براي مادر ايجاد ميکند.
به گفته وي ديابت نوع 4 نيز تحت عنوان ديابت بيماريهاي ديگر شناخته شده است که دراين نوع از ديابت اصولا علت خاصي باعث بروز آن ميشود اما اين نوع ديابت چندان شايع نيست بلکه شايعترين نوع ديابت در ايران ديابت نوع 2 است که تقريبا 80 تا 85 درصد موارد ابتلا به ديابت را ديابت نوع 2 تشکيل ميدهد و 10 تا 15 درصد موارد نيز ديابت نوع يک است.
شيوع جهاني ديابت
دکتر نيکوسخن با بيان اينکه هماکنون بيش از 200 ميليون نفر از افراد کره زمين مبتلا به ديابت هستند که تقريبا تا سال 2025 يعني 20 سال ديگر اين ميزان بالغ بر 333 ميليون نفر خواهد شد، تصريح کرد در ايران نيز حدود 3 ميليون نفر ديابتي وجود دارند که تخمين زده ميشود 40 تا 50 درصد از آنان از بيماري خود مطلع نباشند. به علاوه در کشور ما حدود 4 ميليون نفر نيز افرادي هستند که اصطلاحا تست تحمل قند مختل دارند يعني مرحلهاي که قبل از پيدايش ديابت است و به آن ديابت پنهان ميگويند و فرد در مرحلهاي است که هنوز قند خون او از مرحله طبيعي خارج نشده است.
وي ميافزايد: حدود 4 ميليون نفر در کشور ما ديابت پنهان دارند و زمينه بروز بيماري در آنها وجود دارد که چنانچه عوامل خطر يعني اضافه وزن، کمتحرکي، تغذيه ناسالم و استرسهاي خود را کاهش ندهند يقينا از مبتلايان به ديابت در آينده نزديک خواهند بود.
تشخيص ديابت
دکتر نيکوسخن با بيان اين که براي تشخيص ديابت سه مبنا وجود دارد ميگويد: چنانچه شخصي قند ناشتاي بالاتر يا مساوي 126 داشته باشد و علائم ديابت نيز در او مشاهده شود اين فرد مبتلا به ديابت است. به علاوه اگر فرد آزمايش تست تحمل قند را انجام دهد و قند او بالاي 200 باشد اين فرد ديابتي محسوب ميشود. طبق تعاريف، افرادي که ديابت ندارند قند ناشتاي آنها بايد زير 100 باشد و افرادي که قند ناشتاي آنان بين 100 تا 126 باشد، موارد مشکوک به ديابت محسوب ميشوند و بايد تست تحمل قند انجام دهند به طوري که 75 گرم گلوکز خالص به آنها خورانده ميشود و دو ساعت بعد قند آنان را مجددا تست ميکنند چنانچه به ميزان قند خون بين 140 تا 200 برسد اين افراد مستعد ابتلا به ديابت هستند.
اهميت کاهش عوارض ديابت
دبير انجمن ديابت ايران معتقد است بيماري ديابت عوارض بسيار متعددي براي فرد در پي خواهد داشت به طوري که طبق آمارهاي بينالمللي در هر دقيقه 2 نفر ديابتي پاي خود را از دست ميدهند. در کشور ما تقريبا 28 درصد موارد دياليز مربوط به بيماران ديابتي است و به علاوه نارساييهاي متعدد چشمي، بيماريهاي قلبي عروقي نيز از عوارض ديگر بيماري ديابت محسوب ميشوند. همچنين مهمترين علت مرگ و مير در ديابتيها عوارض قلبي عروقي است. به دليل اهميت کاهش عوارض ناشي از ديابت، سازمان بهداشت جهاني شعار امسال خود را «پيشگيري از قطع عضو بيماران ديابتي» قرار داده است.
امروزه ثابت شده است که تا حد زيادي ميتوان جلوي اين عوارض را گرفت و تنها سد محکمي که ميتوان در جلوي عوارض ديابت ساخت کنترل قند خون در حد طبيعي است. مطالعات نشان ميدهد که چنانچه قند در حد طبيعي نگه داشته شود ميتوان جلوي عوارض ديابت را گرفت در حالي که متاسفانه در کشور ما اکثريت افراد از کنترل نامطلوب برخوردارند و به همين دليل عمدتا دچار عوارض ديابت ميشوند.
وي آموزش، کنترل روزانه قند خون، تغذيه سالم، فعاليت بدني و مصرف دارو را از جمله اصول پنجگانه کنترل قند مطلوب در بيماران ديابتي عنوان ميکند و ادامه ميدهد: همه افراد جامعه که سن آنان به بالاي 35 سال ميرسد بايد سالانه تست قند خون انجام دهند اما چنانچه قند ناشتاي آنها درحد نزديک به خطرباشد اين افراد بايد تست تحمل قند را انجام دهند و از طرفي افرادي که عوامل خطر از جمله چاقي، سابقه خانوادگي، مصرف دخانيات و ... را دارا هستند بايد از سنين پايينتر يعني 20 تا 25 سالگي نسبت به انجام تست غربالگري هر 6 ماه يکبار اقدام کنند.
وي ميگويد: امروزه ديابت نوع 2 که درگذشته تنها به بزرگسالان اختصاص داشت در کودکان نيز ديده ميشود بنابراين چنانچه والدين ميبينند که کودکانشان درمعرض خطر ابتلا به ديابت هستند و عوارض خطر را در مورد آنان حس ميکنند حتما بايد با مراجعه به مراکز درماني قند خون کودک را کنترل کنند.
مراکز درماني ديابت
وي با بيان اينکه در حال حاضر کلينيکهاي درماني تحت عنوان پوديولوژي به منظور کنترل پاي ديابتي در کشور وجود ندارد ميگويد: اغلب بيماران ديابتي دچار مشکلات پا هستند و طبيعتا بايد مراکز بيشتري براي ارائه خدمات به اين بيماران وجود داشته باشد به طوري که در تهران حداقل 6 تا 7 مرکز وکلينيک ديابت در اختيار داشته باشيم در حالي که چنين وضعيتي در کشور ما هنوز وجود ندارد و اکثر بيماران ديابتي در کشور ما که ساليان سال ديابت داشتهاند حتي يک بار هم تحت معاينه پا قرار نگرفتهاند.
چاقي به عنوان مهمترين عامل خطر در بروز ديابت نوع 2 و ساير انواع ديابت محسوب ميشود به طوري که تقريبا 80 تا 85 درصد افراد مبتلا به ديابت چاق هستند
بيماري ديابت عوارض متعدد چشمي، کليوي، قلبي عروقي و قطع عضو را در پي دارد به طوري که طبق آمارهاي بينالمللي در هر دقيقه 2 نفر ديابتي پاي خود را از دست ميدهند
مطالعات نشان ميدهند که چنانچه قند خون در حد طبيعي نگه داشته شود ميتوان جلوي عوارض ناشي از ديابت را گرفت اما متاسفانه در کشور ما اکثريت افراد از کنترل نامطلوب برخوردارند.
منبع:روزنامه خراسان مورخ۲۳/۰۸/۱۳۸۵
دوستان عزیز
با سلام/این نسخه ۲ از وبلاگ است که به سفارش دوست عزیز و همکلاسی سابقم ایمان نوابی که الان هم دانشجوی پزشکی مشهداست و من هم از صمیم قلب ارزوی موفقیت براش دارم درمورد بیمارینوشتم.
صداقت امانت برادری
تمام محتویات این بلاگ دارایcopy right میباشد.اقتباس فقط یا ذکر منبع مجاز است
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مطلب زیر مربوط به ازمایشMDRO توسط محققان مرکز ملی دیابت انگلستان در اواخر سال ۲۰۰۴ میباشد.
مطالعه ان را به تمام دانشجویان پزشکی و داروسازی و... پیشنهاد میکنم.
Diabetic foot ulcer and multi_drug resistant organisms: risk factors and impact
Hartemann-Heurtier
J. Robert
S. Jacqueminet
G. Ha Van
J. L. Golmard
V. Jarlier
A. Grimaldi
Aims
The primary objective was to characterize factors allowing the colonization of diabetic foot wounds by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO), and the secondary objective was to evaluate the influence of MDRO colonization/infection on wound healing.
Methods
In 180 patients admitted to a specialized diabetic foot unit, microbiological specimens were taken on admission. Potential risk factors for MDRO-positive specimens were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Prospective follow-up data from 75 patients were used to evaluate the influence of MDRO colonization/infection on time to healing.
Results
Eighteen per cent of admission specimens were positive for MDRO. MDRO-positive status was not associated with patient characteristics (age, sex, type of diabetes, complications of diabetes), wound duration, or wound type (neuropathic or ischaemic). In the multivariate analysis, the only factors significantly associated with positive MDRO status on admission were a history of previous hospitalization for the same wound (21/32 compared with 48/148; P = 0.0008) or the presence of osteomyelitis (22/32 compared with 71/148; P = 0.025). In the longitudinal study of 75 wounds, MDRO-positive status on admission or during follow-up (6 months at least or until healing, mean 9 ± 7 months) was not associated with time to healing (P = 0.71).
Conclusion DROs are often present in severe diabetic foot wounds. About one-third of patients with a history of previous hospitalization for the same wound, and 25% of patients with osteomyelitis, had MDRO-positive specimens. This suggests that hygiene measures, or isolation precautions in the case of admission of patients presenting with these characteristics, should be aggressively implemented to prevent cross-transmission. Positive MDRO status is not associated with a longer time to healing.
Diabet. Med. (2004)
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REDUCING THE RISK OF SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEM
People with diabetes have a higher chance of developing certain serious health problems, including heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, circulation problems, nerve damage, and damage to the kidneys and eyes. The risk is particularly high for people with diabetes who are also very overweight, who smoke or who are not physically active.
You will greatly reduce your risk of developing any of these complications by controlling your blood glucose and blood pressure levels, and by eating healthily and doing regular physical activity. Regular medical check-ups
In the last 10 to 20 years, the care for people with diabetes has improved dramatically. One of the most important developments has been improved method of screening which will help your doctor to pick up any health problems at an early stage so they can be treated more successfully.
This is why having regular medical check-ups, at least annually, is so important.
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این هم مطلبی در رابطه با علل دیابت و اینکه چه کسانی بیشتر در معرض خطر هستند.
Who gets and what cause diabetes?
Diabetes is a common health condition. More than two million people in the UK are known to have diabetes — that’s about three in every 100 people. And there are an estimated one million people in the UK who have diabetes but don't know it. Over three-quarters of people with diabetes have Type 2 diabetes. Although the condition can occur at any age, it is rare in infants and becomes more common as people get older.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes develops when the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas have been destroyed. Nobody knows for sure why these cells have been damaged but the most likely cause is an abnormal reaction of the body to the cells. This may be triggered by a viral or other infection. This type of diabetes generally affects younger people. Both sexes are affected equally.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes used to be called 'maturity onset' diabetes because it usually appears in middle-aged or elderly people, although it does occasionally appear in younger people. The main causes are that the body no longer responds normally to its own insulin, and/or that the body does not produce enough insulin.
The people most at the risk of developing type 2 diabetes are:
People with the family history of diabetes
People aged between “40 to 70”
People who are very overweight
People from Asia, Africa Caribbean origin and
Women who have given a birth to a large baby
…And some things that don’t make diabetes are:
Eating sweets or wrong source of food.
Stress don’t cause diabetes but although it may cause the symptom worse in people who already had the condition.
You cannot catch diabetes from SB or STH
و اما جالبترین قسمت دیابت البته از نظر خودم قسمت زیر است
که مربوط به تولید یک داروی صد در صد گیاهی و موثر برای
درمان دیابت است.
خواندن این متن را به تمام شیمیست ها- داروسازان و البته
عطارهای عزیز سفارش میکنم.
Good care
Diabet Guard
Good care Diabet Guard is about to rewrite medical history in the new millennium by providing relief to countless diabetics in the world. At a time when it is estimated that by the year 2025, there will be 300 millions of diabetics-1/5th of them in the world, Diabet Guard is a highly potent Ayurvedic formulation of 20 special herbs that not only effectively reduces blood sugar level, it even stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin. This unique synergetic combination of Gurmar Patti, Jamun gutli, Giloy, Haldi, Gular Patti, karela, Khadir Amla, Bijayasar, Tejpatra, Kutki, Neem, Sodhit Shilajeet, Methi, helps to prevent allied complications associated with diabetes. Moreover it is safe and without side effects. By combining the regular use of Diabet Guard with a balanced diet and exercise it is now possible to lead a perfectly normal and productive life.
There are two major types of diabetes. In type I (Juvenile-onset or insulin - dependant) diabetes, your body completely stops producing insulin, and therefore you must take daily insulin supplement (injection) to survive. The usually develops in children or young adults, but can occur at any age.
In type II (adult onset or non insulin dependent) Diabetes, your body produces insufficient insulin to properly convert food into energy. This usually occurs if one is over 40,overweight and has a family history of diabetes.
Good care Diabet Guard is for this type of Diabetes
EVALUATION OF DIABET GUARD GRANULES A HERBOMINERAL PREPARATION IN CASES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Dr. D. Maji, M.D., D.M.
Principal Investigator
Dr. (Miss) S. Das, M.B.B.S., PhD (Fellow)
Associate Investigator
The scientists, ayurvedic doctors and chemists have worked ceaselessly for years scanning all the ancient ayurvedic texts, screening thousands of herbs and then finally formulating a product called “DIABET GUARD” granules. This product has been found to have a very good effect on management of the blood sugar level. This clinical trial conducted by the famous endocrinologist,
Dr. D. Maji has established the efficacy of the product quiet conclusively.
Result
Result was analyzed and recorded which is given below in the form of table after complication of the trial period that is 6 months.
|
No.of Patients |
BL-Glucose |
BL-Glucose |
BL-Glucose |
BL-Glucose |
Urine Glucose |
Urine Glucose |
|
29 |
148.8 |
118.1 |
205 |
142.9 |
++ |
Nil |
|
Excellent |
33.33% |
|
Good |
48.14% |
|
Poor |
18.50% |
Jamun Seed (Eugenia Jambolana):
The seed extract quickly reduces blood sugar, liver glycogen, blood urea, serum cholesterol and triglycerides.
Karela (Momordica Charantia):
The fruits and seeds yield a polypeptide considered to be similar to bovine insulin, which has been shown to have a hypoglycaemic effect in all types of diabetes. It also promotes peripheral utilization of glucose.
Giloy stem powder:
Khair powder :
Haldi Rhizome powder:
Amla fruit powder :
Vijayasar wood powder :
Tejpatta leaf powder :
Gular leaf powder :
Chitrak wood powder :
Methi seed powder :
Purified Shilajeet rock derivative powder (Ashphaltam):
It has anabolic panceatotopic effects. It is valuable in the cases of diabetic albuminuia where both casts and albumin diminish and is to be said to be a cure for diabetic amauosis
1 to 2 teaspoonfuls twice daily with water, 10 minutes before meal or as directed by the physician
This clinical trial consists of patients from all aspects of our society. After taking informed consent they were put on medication as per proforma and the result was analyzed. It was found that they have no complications with this medicine and all patients reported feeling well-being. It was evident that the acceptance was good. Marked decreased in levels of blood and urine sugar was noted.
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مطالب بالا همه اشاره کوچکی به موضوع است.برای اطلاعات بیشترE.mail بدهید.
for further info kindly E.mail me
@
best regard
به نام خدا
دوستان عزيز
من؛رامين عمرانی هستم.دانشجوی رشته Biotechnoly.
بسيار خوشحالم که در ايام مبارک عيد سعيد فطر توانستم به قولم نسبت به راه اندازی پايگاهی برای اشنايی با Biotechnology جامه عمل بپوشانم.
وب لاگ پيش رور شما مجموعه ای از اطلاعات کاربردی و مفيدی است که حاصل ترجمه از بهترين مطالب فارسی و گرد اوری از معتبر ترين سايتهای Biotechnology and genetic engineering با ذکر منبع ميباشد.
در مراحل اوليه با توجه به نياز شديد تر اين مطالب برای دانشجويان خارج از کشور اين مطالب به English نشان داده ميشود.بديهيست در صورت نياز متن اصلی و فارسی ان در اختيار ايرانيان عزيز قرار خواهد گرفت.اميد که مثمر ثمر واقع شود.
در پايان از شما محقق و دوست عزيز که جانب امانت را در کپی کردن اين مطالب با ذکر منبع رعايت ميکنيد کمال تشکر را دارم.
Dear friends! Let me congratulate this beautiful occasion on the eve of
EID E FETR
to you. And the below, is a text about concept of biotech by myself as your EIDI
May ALLAH bless you and fulfill your beautiful dreams.
What is BIOTECHNOLOGY?
The diversity and discreteness of biotechnology makes it a little bit difficult to define exactly what is biotechnology. Some of scientists believe it is very close to industrial microbiology, anothers say it could be in relation with genetic engineering. Hence I try to highlight some of the important related definition of biotechnology as follow.
.
.
.
.
.
The above said definition cannot be a complete definition of biotechnology individually, but if we summarize them we will achieve a comprehensive definition of biotechnology.
But why is it like this? However after ages scientists approached to a single definition of biotechnology, still why every body is giving his definition of biotechnology that can be applicable by compare to his viewpoint, too?
The reason should be searched inside biotechnology’s nature.
Actually, biotechnology is not a basic science like genetics and biology and cannot be bounded up to a certain limitation. It consists of the interaction among many sciences, which are related to each other. It is not equal to any field of study like biology, genetics, chemistry, physics, biochemistry, computer and pharmacy and any other classic or modern sciences. But it is a linkage among all these sciences toward producing an improved biological product via biological reactions and modern and accurate method with a high efficiency.
It can be imagine as a tree, which its huge roots are old sciences like biology, biochemistry, immunology but the young growing branches are making by-branches which is very difficult and time consuming to classify.
In addition, classification of biotechnology branches is different from one scientist viewpoint to another one. But in the most common type, the prefix or the suffix of BIO or BIOTECH adds to the name of the science, like marine biotech or agbiotech.
The importance of biotechnology in 21st century in all major and living sciences like hygienic studies, commerce, environment, medical, industrial, food technology and education is obviously clear, that is why the 21st century rightfully named as BIOTECHNOLOGY AGE.
HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotech’s root is growing from long back. We can consider 3 important periods as follow
1:that is the oldest period which man was unwisely using biological method to produce bread, wine, bear and vinegar by the help of ferment. At 6000 B.C people from Sumer and Babel consumed ferment to make alcoholic drinks and wines. At 400 B.C traditional Egypt people consumed ferment for baking.
In this age, simple and initiate methods of biotechnology were in use of human.
2: the beginning of the current age which man wisely consumed the technique of ferment and propagation of microorganisms in a favorable medium and consequently use of ferment to produce antibiotics, enzymes, organic chemical substance and so on. In this period this part of science was named INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY and still is in use. It is hoped in future it will be improved under the new method of biotechnology.
3:current age of biotechnology, which with the help of genetic engineering they are making transformation
This period started since 1976 by transferring of some genes from an organism to another one. Before that scientists used the natural property of (micro) organisms. But progressive molecular biology and genetic and simultaneously finding the knowledge about cell mechanisms, the biologists could amendment the (micro)organisms to make new (micro)organisms to use them in order to make new substances in more amount and better efficiency.
SUMMERY OF HISTORY ON IS SHOWN IN THIS TABLE
600 B.C People in tradition Egypt made bear and alcoholic drinks 1830 Discovery of protein 1833 The initiate separation of enzymes 1855 Discovery of E.coli 1869 Discovery of DNA 1914 Use of bacteria to purify the drainage water 1919 Use of term of BIOTECHNOLOGY for the first time by a agriculture engineer 1938 Use of term of molecular biology for the first time 1939 Discovery of anti bacterial activity of penicilium fungus byDr.fliming 1953 Discovery of DNA structure by Grick, Watson 1954 Discovery of cell 1955 Separation of a synthesis enzyme of DNA 1959 Definition and dissection of antibody by Porter, Erlen, winsonov 1966 Discovery of genetic codes 1970 first complete synthesis of a gene
|
1971 |
Discovery of cutting enzyme for nucleotide acid |
|
1975 |
The first clone antibody |
|
1976 |
The first ferment expression in E.coli |
|
1977 |
The first expression of human gene in bacteria |
|
1978 |
First combination insulin |
|
1983 |
Innovation of PCR method to increasing the DNA parts |
|
1984 |
Innovation of DNA fingerprinting, first genetic engineering vaccine |
|
1986 |
EPA approved the first genetic engineering in tobacco |
|
1990 |
Beginning of HGP. The new transgenic cow |
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1995 |
Finding the genome of a living organisms |
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1997 |
Innovation of a new technique of DNA by the help of PCR and and DNA chips and a computer program to find the sick genes |
|
1998 |
Use of root cell to cure |
|
2000 |
Finding the complete genome of many creatures |
|
2001 |
Identify the human genome and many other creature |
The rest of the text about applications of biotechnology will be monitored shortly
.References: author’s knowledge /
www.iranbiotech.com/ www.bio.com /
